The family of EF-hand type Ca2+-binding proteins includes Calbindin (previously designated vitamin D-dependent Ca2+-binding protein), S-100α and β, Calgranulin A (also designated MRP8), Calgranulin B (also designated MRP14) and Calgranulin C (S-100 like protein), and the parvalbumin family members, including parvalbumin α and parvalbumin β (also designated oncomodulin). Calbindin, S-100 proteins and parvalbumin proteins are each expressed in neural tissues. In addition, S-100α and β are present in a variety of other tissues, and Calbindin is present in intestine and kidney. Parvalbumin α is also found in fast-contracting/relaxing skeletal muscle fibers and parvalbumin β is found in many tumor tissues as well as in the organ of Corti. Calbindin, S-100 proteins and parvalbulmins have all been detected in leydig cells and testis. These proteins are thought to play a role in hormone production and spermatogenesis. Calgranulin is expressed in macrophages and epithelial cells.
背景文献
1. Saul MJ et al. UPF1 regulates myeloid cell functions and S100A9 expression by the hnRNP E2/miRNA-328 balance. Sci Rep 6:31995 (2016).
2. Dey J et al. A Platform for Rapid, Quantitative Assessment of Multiple Drug Combinations Simultaneously in Solid Tumors In Vivo. PLoS One 11:e0158617 (2016).
序列相似性
Belongs to the S-100 family.
组织特异性
Calprotectin (S100A8/9) is predominantly expressed in myeloid cells. Except for inflammatory conditions, the expression is restricted to a specific stage of myeloid differentiation since both proteins are expressed in circulating neutrophils and monocytes but are absent in normal tissue macrophages and lymphocytes. Under chronic inflammatory conditions, such as psoriasis and malignant disorders, also expressed in the epidermis. Found in high concentrations at local sites of inflammation or in the serum of patients with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, giant cell arteritis, cystic fibrosis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and progressive systemic sclerosis. Involved in the formation and deposition of amyloids in the aging prostate known as corpora amylacea inclusions. Strongly up-regulated in many tumors, including gastric, esophageal, colon, pancreatic, bladder, ovarian, thyroid, breast and skin cancers.
翻译后修饰
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation inhibits activation of tubulin polymerization.; S-nitrosylation of Cys-3 is implicated in LDL(ox)-induced S-nitrosylation of GAPDH at 'Cys-247' through a transnitrosylase mechanism involving a iNOS-S100A8/9 complex.
Fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of the human cervical cancer (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections). Panel A: the merged image of anti-CD14 (ET1610-85, red), anti-S100A9 (ET1702-73, green), anti-CD68 (HA601115, cyan), anti-panCK (HA601138, magenta) and anti-CD163 (ET1704-43, yellow) on human cervical cancer. Panel B: anti- CD14 stained on monocyte and MDSCs. Panel C: anti-S100A9 stained on MDSCs. Panel D: anti-CD68 stained on macrophage M1 and macrophage M2. Panel E: anti-panCK stained on tumor cells. Panel F: anti-CD163 stained on macrophage M2. HRP Conjugated UltraPolymer Goat Polyclonal Antibody HA1119/HA1120 was used as a secondary antibody. The immunostaining was performed with the Sequential Immuno-staining Kit (IRISKit™MH010101, www.luminiris.cn). The section was incubated in five rounds of staining: in the order of ET1610-85 (1/1,000 dilution), ET1702-73 (1/1,000 dilution), HA601115 (1/2,000 dilution), HA601138 (1/3,000 dilution), and ET1704-43 (1/2,000 dilution) for 20 mins at room temperature. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system. Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 30 mins at 95℃. DAPI (blue) was used as a nuclear counter stain. Image acquisition was performed with Olympus VS200 Slide Scanner.
Fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical analysis of human cervical carcinoma (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections). Panel A: the merged image of anti-S100A9 (ET1702-73, White), anti-CD117 (HA721154, Red) and anti-CD163(ET1704-43, Yellow) on human cervical carcinoma. HRP Conjugated UltraPolymer Goat Polyclonal Antibody HA1119/HA1120 was used as a secondary antibody. The immunostaining was performed with the Sequential Immuno-staining Kit (IRISKit™MH010101, www.luminiris.cn). The section was incubated in three rounds of staining: in the order of ET1702-73 (1/1,000 dilution), HA721154 (1/1,000 dilution) and ET1704-43 (1/2,000 dilution) for 20 mins at room temperature. Each round was followed by a separate fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system. Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 30 mins at 95℃. DAPI (blue) was used as a nuclear counter stain. Image acquisition was performed with Zeiss Observer 7 Inverted Fluorescence Microscope.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue with Rabbit anti-S100A9 antibody (ET1702-73) at 1/1,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1702-73) at 1/1,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human spleen tissue with Rabbit anti-S100A9 antibody (ET1702-73) at 1/8,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1702-73) at 1/8,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Application: Immunofluorescence (IF-tissue)
Species: Human Tissue: Breast cancer Sample: Paraffin-embedded section