Smad2 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

功能

Smad proteins, the mammalian homologs of the Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic (Mad), have been implicated as downstream effectors of TGF∫/BMP signaling. Smad1 (also designated Madr1 or JV4-1) and Smad5 are effectors of BMP-2 and BMP-4 function, while Smad2 (also designated Madr2 or JV18-1) and Smad3 are involved in TGF∫ and Activin-mediated growth modulation. Smad4 (also designated DPC4) has been shown to mediate all of the above activities through interaction with various Smad family members. Smad6 and Smad7 regulate the response to Activin/TGF∫ signaling by interfering with TGF∫-mediated phosphorylation of other Smad proteins.

背景文献

1. Ding, H. et al. 2015. Antifibrotic properties of receptor for advanced glycation end products in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 35: 34-41.

2. Namachivayam, K. et al. 2015. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Induces TGF-β2 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells via RhoA- and p38α MAPK-Mediated Activation of the Transcription Factor ATF2. PloS one. 10: e0134003.

序列相似性

Belongs to the dwarfin/SMAD family.

组织特异性

Expressed at high levels in skeletal muscle, endothelial cells, heart and placenta.

翻译后修饰

Phosphorylated on one or several of Thr-220, Ser-245, Ser-250, and Ser-255. In response to TGF-beta, phosphorylated on Ser-465/467 by TGF-beta and activin type 1 receptor kinases. TGF-beta-induced Ser-465/467 phosphorylation declines progressively in a KMT5A-dependent manner. Able to interact with SMURF2 when phosphorylated on Ser-465/467, recruiting other proteins, such as SNON, for degradation. In response to decorin, the naturally occurring inhibitor of TGF-beta signaling, phosphorylated on Ser-240 by CaMK2. Phosphorylated by MAPK3 upon EGF stimulation; which increases transcriptional activity and stability, and is blocked by calmodulin. Phosphorylated by PDPK1.; In response to TGF-beta, ubiquitinated by NEDD4L; which promotes its degradation. Monoubiquitinated, leading to prevent DNA-binding (By similarity). Deubiquitination by USP15 alleviates inhibition and promotes activation of TGF-beta target genes. Ubiquitinated by RNF111, leading to its degradation: only SMAD2 proteins that are 'in use' are targeted by RNF111, RNF111 playing a key role in activating SMAD2 and regulating its turnover (By similarity).; Acetylated on Lys-19 by coactivators in response to TGF-beta signaling, which increases transcriptional activity. Isoform short: Acetylation increases DNA binding activity in vitro and enhances its association with target promoters in vivo. Acetylation in the nucleus by EP300 is enhanced by TGF-beta.

亚细胞定位

Cytoplasm, Nucleus

UNIPROT #

SwissProt: Q15796 Human

别名